Liberation Theology in Latin America for AP World History

Feb 22

2 min read

Liberation theology in Latin America is an illustrative example of the Calls for Reform and Responses after 1900 topic in Unit 9 of AP World History. You could reference this example on your AP World History test.

Liberation Theology emerged in Latin America during the late 1960s and early 1970s as a response to the social, economic, and political injustices prevalent in the region. It originated primarily in countries such as Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Nicaragua, where widespread poverty, exploitation, and marginalization of the poor were rampant.

The roots of Liberation Theology can be traced back to various influences, including Marxist ideology, Christian teachings on social justice, and the experiences of grassroots communities struggling against oppression. One of the key figures in the development of Liberation Theology was Gustavo Gutiérrez, a Peruvian theologian whose seminal work “A Theology of Liberation” (1971) articulated the core principles of the movement. Gutiérrez emphasized the preferential option for the poor, arguing that Christianity should be actively engaged in the struggle for social transformation and the liberation of the oppressed.

Another influential figure was Leonardo Boff, a Brazilian theologian who contributed to the theological framework of Liberation Theology, particularly through his focus on the interconnection between spirituality and social praxis. Boff’s writings helped to popularize Liberation Theology both within and outside of academic circles.

The rise of Liberation Theology coincided with a period of political upheaval in Latin America, marked by authoritarian regimes, violent repression of dissent, and widespread human rights abuses. In countries such as Brazil and Chile, where military dictatorships ruled with an iron fist, Liberation Theology provided a moral and ideological framework for resistance and solidarity among marginalized communities.

One of the defining events in the history of Liberation Theology was the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador in 1980. Romero, who had become a prominent advocate for the poor and a vocal critic of government violence, was gunned down while celebrating Mass. His martyrdom galvanized support for the Liberation Theology movement and inspired countless individuals to continue the struggle for justice and human rights.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Liberation Theology faced opposition from conservative elements within the Catholic Church hierarchy, as well as from political elites aligned with capitalist interests. However, its influence continued to grow, inspiring grassroots movements, social activists, and progressive theologians across Latin America and beyond.

In summary, Liberation Theology emerged in Latin America as a response to the social and economic injustices plaguing the region. It drew upon a combination of Marxist analysis and Christian principles to advocate for the rights and dignity of the poor. Despite facing opposition, Liberation Theology has left a lasting legacy, shaping the consciousness of millions and inspiring countless individuals to work towards a more just and equitable society.